Overview of the FMLA
What is the Family and Medical Leave Act? The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) is a federal law that provides you with the right to take time off work when you need to care for an aging parent or other loved one. It helps one to balance their job with their family responsibilities by allowing them to take up to 12 weeks’ unpaid leave during a 12-month period without risking the loss of one’s employment or employer-provided health insurance.
FMLA vs. FAMILY Act
The similarity in name and purpose between these two federal acts can be confusing and therefore a distinction should be made. The FAMILY Act is short for the Family and Medical Insurance Leave (FAMILY) and is less formally referred to as the Paid Family Leave Act. It is a bill that was first introduced to Congress in 2013. It was re-introduced in 2020. However, it still has not passed as of March 2024, and is not a federal law.
The following states have implemented their own, similar, state-wide family and medical insurance leave programs: California, New Jersey, Rhode Island, New York), the District of Columbia, and Washington. To be absolutely clear, the FAMILY / Paid Family Leave Act is not yet an option for families in states other than these five and D.C..
The FMLA does not provide you compensation as a caregiver. However, there are other programs and paid family leave laws that help to offset lost income.
Eligibility
Am I eligible to take leave under the FMLA?
There are three categories of eligibility for the FMLA: (1) individuals taking leave from their job, (2) employers, and (3) individuals who require care.
Individual Requirements
The person taking leave must have worked for their current FMLA covered employer for a minimum of 12 months. Note, in order to meet the 12 month requirement, an employee does not have to work 12 months in succession. The employee only has to have worked for the same employer a total of 12 months. However, the person taking leave must have worked 1,250 hours during the 12-month period prior to taking leave. This means part-time employees are eligible if they have averaged approximately 24 hours / week.
Employer Requirements
Only employers with at least 50 employees are required to take part in the FMLA program. Furthermore, the 50 employees must work within a 75-mile radius. However, there are exceptions to the 50-employee minimum rule. All schools, as well as federal, state, and local government agencies, are considered to be “covered employers” regardless of their number of employees. All members of the military are also included.
Care Recipient Requirements
The care recipient must be an immediate family member, which includes spouses, children and parents (but not mother- or father-in-laws). Certain exceptions exist for adoptive parents and for relatives who cared for the individual as a child. For example, an individual who was raised by an aunt or grandmother could qualify for the FMLA. This provision is referred to as “in loco parentis.”
The care recipient also must have a “serious health condition.” Examples of serious health conditions relevant to aging individuals include, Alzheimer’s, dementia, stroke, or any other chronic condition that requires regular treatment by a health care provider.
Benefits
How can I use my FMLA?
The FMLA offers up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave. To care for military personnel, this is extended up to 26 weeks (called Military Caregiver Leave). While on leave, the individual’s job (or a job of similar pay, benefits and responsibilities) is held for them. Their healthcare insurance coverage is also maintained. However, they do not receive payment for the hours or days they do not work.
One can take their FMLA leave continuously or intermittently. Continuous leave is taken all at once. An example would be three successive weeks of leave taken to care for a loved one who is recovering from major surgery. Intermittent leave is leave that is taken as several separate blocks of time and may include occasional hourly or daily absences from work. For example, one could take leave at a rate of one day each week for 12 months (which equals approximately 12 weeks total).
Application Process
How do I apply for FMLA leave?
If you are eligible for FMLA leave, you must provide your employer with at least 30 days’ advance notice of your intention to take leave. Your employer may require you to use any paid leave you have accrued before you take FMLA leave. However, any paid leave you take will not count against the 12 weeks’ unpaid leave you are entitled to under the FMLA. If your need for leave is unforeseeable, you must notify your employer of your intention to take your leave as soon as you can.
If your employer requests it, you must obtain medical certification to support your application. (In most cases, one has 15 days to provide this). The certification must include information that establishes that your relative requires care. If your relative’s care requires you to take intermittent leave, it must state the frequency and duration of the leave.
One can download the necessary form here, which they should then complete and submit to their employer.
